Tuberculosis & Sexually Transmitted Diseases are common opportunistic infections in people infected with HIV.
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Use your textbook (p106-122) to summarise your section of the important points regarding these 2 sections in this blog.
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ReplyDelete4.5.3. Healthcare professionals should screen patients for TB properly. This can be done by asking questions about the four main symptoms the patient could be experiencing, which are as follows: constant cough for two weeks, a fever for more than two weeks, weight loss that can't be explained (1.5 kg in a month and drenching night sweats.
ReplyDeletePRIMARY AND POST-PRIMARY (SECONDARY) TB
ReplyDeleteTB develops in two stages in the body namely:
*Primary
*Post-Primary (Secondary)
The primary stage on infection occurs when when an individual is exposed to TB bacilli for the first time. Usually in childhood but can occur to any age group. The infection is usually asymptomatic and the immune system brings this orginal infection under control. The only evidence of infection is a positive tuberculin skin test 4-5 weeks after the person has been infected. The TB bacillus remains dormant in the body for many years and the person shows to symptoms.
The post-primary stage results from endogenous reactivations of latent infections or from exogenous reinfections. TB reactivation from whithin happens when the immunity of the host is suddenly weakened during the latent phase of infection. This can happen when a person is exposed to continuous malnutrition or when the immune system is suppressed. The TB bacilli immediately begin to multiply and this leads to the 2nd stage lf the disease. Mostly affecting the lungs and spreading to almost any part of the persons body.
Approximately 1/3 of the worlds population carry latent tuberculosis infection.
TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS (TB):
ReplyDeleteWhen people with pulmonary or respiratory tract TB sneeze, cough, speak or sing, they spray airborne particles that contain M. tuberculosis. These particles enter the body of a susceptible person when he or she inhales and is transferred from one person to another. M. tuberculosis affects the lungs, but, using the bloodstream, the lymphatic system or the airways, can spread from the lungs to almost any part of the body.
Pulmonary TB which is found in the lungs, is an infectious form of TB and most common form. The possibility of M. tuberculosis being transmitted is determined by 3 factors:
- the number of organisms that are expelled into the air
- what the concentration is of the organisms in the air (this is determined by the volume of the space and its ventilation determines this)
- for how long an exposed person breathes the contaminated air
A single cough can produce 3000 TB droplet nuclei, while a solitary sneeze can release up to a million droplets. Inhalation of between 10-200 droplets is enough to cause infection. The droplets are also minute enough to reach the alveolar spaces inside the lungs, where the nuclei replicate.
Healthcare practitioners must protect themselves by wearing tightly fitting masks that have a high filtration efficiency. They should also pass knowledge on to ,their patients who have active TB to cover their mouths and noses when they cough or sneeze.
TB and HIV
ReplyDeleteAn HIV-infected person with a deficient immune system has a much greater risk of developing TB or of having a latent infection reactivated.
The morality rate from TB is significantly higher in people who are co-infected with HIV.
TB is also more difficult to diagnose in HIV infected people as immunosuppression progresses.
HIV-infected people are treated for TB in exactly the same way as HIV uninfected people with TB.
All TB/HIV co-infected patients require antiretroviral therapy irrespective of CD4+T cell count.
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